The Scope and Purpose of a Home Inspection

Purchasing property involves risk

The purpose of a home inspection is to help reduce the risk associated with the purchase of a structure by providing a professional opinion about the overall condition of the structure. A home inspection is a limited visual inspection and it cannot eliminate this risk. Some homes present more risks than others. We cannot control this, but we try to help educate you about what we don’t know during the inspection process. This is more difficult to convey in a report and one of many reasons why we recommend that you attend the inspection.

A home inspection is not an insurance policy

This report does not substitute for or serve as a warranty or guarantee of any kind. Home warranties can be purchased separately from insuring firms that provide this service.

A home inspection is visual and not destructive.

The descriptions and observations in this report are based on a visual inspection of the structure. We inspect the aspects of the structure that can be viewed without dismantling, damaging or disfiguring the structure and without moving furniture and interior furnishings. Areas that are concealed, hidden or inaccessible to view are not covered by this inspection. Some systems cannot be tested during this inspection as testing risks damaging the building. For example, overflow drains on bathtubs are generally not tested because if they were found to be leaking they could damage the finishes below. Our procedures involve non-invasive investigation and non-destructive testing which will limit the scope of the inspection.

This is not an inspection for code compliance

This inspection and report are not intended for city / local code compliance. During the construction process structures are inspected for code compliance by municipal inspectors. Framing is open at this time and conditions can be fully viewed. Framing is not open during inspections of finished homes, and this limits the inspection. All houses fall out of code compliance shortly after they are built, as the codes continually change. National codes are augmented at least every three years for all of the varying disciplines. Municipalities can choose to adopt and phase in sections of the codes on their own timetables. There are generally no requirements to bring older homes into compliance unless substantial renovation is being done.

This is just our opinion

Construction techniques and standards vary. There is no one way to build a house or install a system in a house. The observations in this report are the opinions of the home inspector. Other inspectors and contractors are likely to have some differing opinions. You are welcome to seek opinions from other professionals.

The scope of this inspection

This inspection will include the following systems: exterior, roof, structure, drainage, foundation, attic, interior, plumbing, electrical and heating. The evaluation will be based on limited observations that are primarily visual and non-invasive. This inspection and report are not intended to be technically exhaustive.

Your expectations

The overall goal of a home inspection is to help ensure that your expectations are appropriate with the house you are proposing to buy. To this end we assist with discovery by showing and documenting observations during the home inspection. This should not be mistaken for a technically exhaustive inspection designed to uncover every defect with a building. Such inspections are available but they are generally cost-prohibitive to most home buyers.

Inspection Agreement

Major Structural and Electromechanical Inspection

HomePro Inspection, Inc. agrees to conduct an inspection for the purpose of informing the CLIENT of major deficiencies in the condition of the property in accordance with the Standards as set forth by the American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI) and the State of Tennessee. The inspection and written report are performed and prepared for the sole, confidential and exclusive use and possession of the CLIENT; the report is nontransferable.

The written report will include the following only:

• general exterior, including roof, siding, windows, chimney, drainage and grading
• structural condition of foundation & frame
• electrical, plumbing, hot water heater, heating and air conditioning
• general interior, including ceilings, walls, floors, windows, insulation and ventilation

Maintenance and other items may be discussed but they are not a part of the inspection. The report is not a compliance inspection or certification for past or present governmental codes or regulations of any kind and is only based on the inspector’s opinions.

It is understood and agreed that the inspection will be of readily accessible areas of the building and is limited to visual observations of apparent conditions existing at the time of the inspection only. Latent and concealed defects and deficiencies are excluded from the inspection; equipment, items and systems will not be moved or dismantled. When the inspection is for only one or a limited number of systems or components, the inspection is limited to only those systems or components that were inspected. Detached structures are not included. HomePro Inspection, Inc. will be under no obligation under any circumstances for any further follow-up inspection.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS including Asbestos, Mold, Fungus, Lead, Radon, Cockroaches, Rodents, Pesticides, Treated Lumber, Mercury, Carbon Monoxide, Urea Formaldehyde, Toxic Wastes, Polluted Water, Contaminants and all Pollutants and Hazardous Materials or other similar environmental hazards are not part of this Home Inspection. In addition, no inspection for household insects or unwanted animals will be done.

This report does not address Subterranean Systems or system components for Sewage Disposal, Water Supply, or Fuel Storage or Delivery. Auxiliary systems such as Alarm, Security, Intercom, other low voltage wiring, Generator, Private Water, Sprinkler, Elevator, Central Vacuum, Refrigerators, Laundry Equipment, Solar, Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, Saunas, Space Heaters, Window Air Conditioners and or any system not considered a part of the major building systems are not a part of the inspection process.

The parties agree that the HomePro Inspection, Inc., and its employees and agents, assume no liability or responsibility for the cost of repairing or replacing any unreported defects or deficiencies, either current or arising in the future, or for any property damage, consequential damage or bodily injury of any nature. THE INSPECTION AND REPORT ARE NOT INTENDED AS A GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING REGARDING THE ADEQUACY, OR PERFORMANCE OF ANY INSPECTED STRUCTURE, ITEM OR SYSTEM. THE HOMEPRO INSPECTION, INC. IS NOT AN INSURER OF ANY INSPECTED CONDITIONS.

It is understood and agreed that should HomePro Inspection, Inc. and/or its agents or employees be found liable for any loss or damages resulting from a failure to perform any of its obligations, including but not limited to negligence, breach of contract or otherwise, then the liability of HomePro Inspection, Inc. and/or its agents or employees, shall be limited to a sum equal to the amount of the fee paid by the CLIENT for the Inspection and Report.

The parties agree that the faxed or digital copy of the agreement is to be relied upon in lieu of the original.

Acceptance and understanding of this agreement are hereby acknowledged:

Kitchen Inspection Process

Kitchen inspection was of the readily accessible and visible portions of the kitchen. The kitchen inspection includes the countertops and a representative number of cabinets. Kitchen faucets, when functional, are run for longer than one minute checking for observable leaks and hot/cold orientation.

The following built-in kitchen appliances, where installed, were inspected and on/off operated testing the main function of each appliance using the normal operating controls:

• Cooktop / Oven / Range (cook surface with integral oven)
• Microwave
• Garbage Disposal
• Trash Compactor

Installed dishwashers are run through a normal cycle. Obvious functional issues and leaks observed around the dishwasher are reported, if present.

Ventilation equipment, such as range hoods, are inspected, on/off operated and are reported as ductless, ducted or recirculating. It is beyond the scope of this inspection to determine the effectiveness of the kitchen exhaust fan, such as to verify air flow quantity or discharge location.

Appliance inspection does not cover clocks, timers, self cleaning function, calibration, automatic functions or optional equipment on appliances.

Refrigerators are considered personal property and are not evaluated. Refrigerator presence or absence is noted. Faucets for refrigerator ice makers are not tested whether the refrigerator is present or not as there is no basin to catch the water from the ice maker faucet.

Equipment that appears to be shut down, inoperable or intentionally taken out of service is noted but will not be operated by the inspector. Shut down equipment may be unplugged, breaker off, water off, gas off or otherwise taken out of service.

Installation conditions and functional issues for this area requiring correction should be performed by a competent qualified contractor.

Bathroom Inspection Process

The following opinion was based on an inspection of the readily accessible and visible portions of bathroom areas.

Hand washing faucets, when functional, are run for approximately one minute checking for observable leaks at the faucet and beneath the sink as well as checking Hot/Cold orientation.

Bathing area faucets, when functional, are run for approximately five minutes checking for observable leaks and Hot/Cold orientation.

Toilets, when functional, are flushed twice. Inspector checks for leaks around toilet, checks that toilet fills and shuts off, and checks to see if toilet appears securely mounted.

Effectiveness and discharge locations for mechanical bathroom exhaust vents are not confirmed during inspection.

Installation conditions and functional issues for this area requiring correction should be performed by a competent, qualified contractor.

Regarding Plumbing System Pressure Reducing Valves:  

The pressure reducer or pressure regulator in a plumbing system is designed to reduce the water pressure to a reasonable level in an effort to help prevent damage to the plumbing system. For most areas if the utility water pressure is greater than 80 PSI (pounds per square inch) a pressure reducer is needed. For some areas with extremely high utility pressure multiple pressure reducers may be needed installed in series. Pressure reducers are typically factory set for 50 PSI and property water pressure is expected to be between 30 PSI and 80 PSI. Inspector notes presence of pressure reducer when observed. Pressure readings for plumbing system are not part of the inspection performed. 

Regarding calculating the load of a central system:

Several factors are considered when performing a load evaluation for central heating and cooling systems to determine the appropriate size system for the area served. Factors such as installed ductwork, insulation, ceiling height, basement area served, if present, shade, climate zone along with size, number and placement of windows have to be taken into account before sizing a system. The inspector does not calculate the load of a central heating and cooling system during the performed inspection. The inspector also does not confirm that the installed ductwork is appropriately sized to serve the the installed central heating and cooling equipment. Properly maintain the ductwork system to meet your comfort needs and to allow system to operate properly. 

What is an electrical system?

The electrical system consists of an electrical service, distribution equipment and branch wiring. The electric metering equipment is usually at the electrical service. Distribution equipment is most often one or more installed breaker panels and the branch wiring runs to all equipment, receptacles, lighting outlets and devices such as the light switches. The inspection report focuses on wiring operating between 100-250 Volts. While system Amperage and Voltage is recorded, it is not measured during inspection. Most low voltage wiring is excluded from the performed inspection. Low voltage items such as a heating and cooling thermostat are operated in order to determine the function of such equipment.

There are now a wide variety of lighting bulbs or lamps that will fit into lighting fixtures. Some choices may not be appropriate for some lighting fixtures. It is beyond the scope of this inspection to verify each lamp or bulb is appropriate for the installed lighting fixture. The inspector recommends that you review the bulb or lamp installations for each fixture correcting as needed for safety and function. Common errors include 100 watt bulbs installed in fixtures rated for 60 watt max bulbs and interior rated bulbs installed at exterior or damp locations. Other types of errors also exist.

The following opinion was based on an inspection of the readily accessible and visible portions of the electrical system. The Inspector is responsible for checking a representative number of installed lighting fixtures, switches, and receptacles. Electrical installation conditions and functional issues requiring correction should be performed by a competent licensed electrical contractor. Most, if not all, electrical corrections should be considered a safety concern.

What is Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) Protection?

AFCI protection is designed to break the electrical circuit when it detects electric arcs that are a signature of loose connections in home wiring. Loose connections, which can develop over time, can sometimes become hot enough to ignite house fires.

Most, but not all, homes will have a need for additional AFCI protection based on varied municipal enforcement and the numerous changes for which areas require AFCI protection. Evaluate your risk exposure. Consider adding AFCI protection where needed for improved safety, particularly where construction was completed 2002 or later.

Modern Locations Where AFCI Protection is Known to Improve Safety:

Dwelling Units. All 120-volt, single-phase, 10-, 15-, and 20-ampere branch circuits supplying outlets or devices installed in the following locations:

Kitchens,

Family Rooms,

Dining Rooms,

Living Rooms,

Parlors, Libraries,

Dens,

Bedrooms,

Sunrooms,

Recreation Rooms,

Closets,

Hallways,

Laundry Areas,

or similar areas.

Testing AFCI Function

The inspector uses push button at AFCI breakers, where installed, to confirm AFCI protection trips. Once tripped, the inspector checks indexed electrical circuits to determine where AFCI protection is present or missing.

Obvious locations lacking AFCI protection are listed in the body of the report.

Obvious broken, non working and improperly wired AFCI receptacles or breakers are listed in the summary of the report. Evaluate your risk exposure.

What is Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Protection?

GFCI protection is an electrical safety device that interrupts an electrical circuit when the current passing through a conductor is not equal and opposite in both directions, therefore indicating an improper flow of current such as leakage of current to ground or current flowing to another powered conductor. The device's purpose is to reduce the severity of injury caused by an electric shock.

Most, but not all, buildings will have a need for additional GFCI protection based on varied municipal enforcement and the numerous changes for which areas require this type of protection. The list below is based off the 2023 standard that may or may not have been adopted by the local municipality. Evaluate your risk exposure. Consider additional GFCI protection where needed for improved safety.

Modern Locations Where GFCI Protection is Known to Improve Safety in Dwelling Units.

(A) Dwelling Units

All 125-volt through 250-volt receptacles installed in the following locations and supplied by single­ phase branch circuits rated 150 volts or less to ground shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel:

(1) Bathrooms

(2) Garages and also accessory buildings that have a floor located at or below grade level not intended as habitable rooms and limited to storage areas, work areas, and areas of similar use.

(3) Outdoors

(4) Crawl spaces - at or below grade level

(4) Basements

(5) Kitchens

(6) Areas with sinks and permanent provisions for food preparation, beverage preparation, or cooking

(7) Sinks - where receptacles are installed within 1.8 m (6 ft) from the top inside edge of the bowl of the sink

(8) Boathouses

(9) Bathtubs or shower stalls - where receptacles are installed within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the outside edge of the bathtub or shower stall

(10) Laundry areas

(12) Indoor damp and wet locations

Some exceptions apply, see current standard for a list of exceptions.

(B) Pertains to Other Than Dwelling Units

(C) Crawl Space Lighting Outlets. GFCI protection shall be provided for lighting outlets not exceeding 120 volts installed in crawl spaces.

(D) Specific Appliances. GFCI protection shall be provided for the branch circuit  or outlet supplying the following appliances rated 150 volts or less to ground and 60 amperes or less, single- or 3-phase:

(1) Automotive vacuum machines

(2) Drinking water coolers and bottle fill stations

(3) High-pressure spray washing machines

(4) Tire inflation machines V

(5) Vending machines

(6) Sump pumps

(7) Dishwashers

(8) Electric ranges

(9) Wall-mounted ovens

(10) Counter-mounted cooking units

(11) Clothes dryers

(13) Microwave ovens

(E) Equipment Requiring Servicing. GFCI protection shall be provided for the receptacles required near Equipment Requiring Servicing.

(F) Outdoor Outlets. For dwellings, all outdoor outlets, including outlets installed in the following locations, and supplied-by single-phase branch circuits rated 150 volts or less to ground, 50 amperes or less, shall be provided with GFCI protection:

(1) Garages that have floors located at or below grade level.

(2) Accessory buildings

(3) Boathouses

Note: Some exceptions apply, see current standard for a list of all exceptions.

Testing GFCI Function

The inspector uses an electrical tester at accessible 120V electrical receptacles that simulates a remote ground fault current to confirm which areas lack proper GFCI protection at tested 120V electrical receptacles.

Obvious locations lacking GFCI protection are listed in the body of the report.

Obvious broken, non working and improperly wired GFCI receptacles or breakers are listed in the summary of the report.

Regarding Two Wire Electrical Receptacle Outlets

Inspector informational note regarding proper wiring of 120V electrical receptacles on two wire electrical circuits such as in older homes and in the inspected property.

There are three proper wiring methods for older two wire receptacle circuits:

1. Two wire receptacle circuits may have two wire receptacles, if properly installed.
2. Two wire receptacle circuits may have replacement three wire receptacles, if properly installed, GFCI protected and appropriately marked 'NO EQUIPMENT GROUND'. GFCI protected receptacles without test/reset buttons should also be appropriately marked 'GFCI PROTECTED OUTLET'.
3. Two wire receptacle circuits may be properly replaced with three wire receptacle circuits and three wire receptacles.

Two Wire Electrical Receptacle Outlets

Inspector informational note regarding personal preferred wiring method for 120 V two wire electrical receptacles circuits found in older homes.

There are multiple ways to properly address electrical receptacles on two wire circuits. The inspector has developed a personal preference for your consideration. This preference eliminates the need for stickers on most of the receptacles. This preference eliminates confusion regarding which receptacles have a grounding wire and which do not.

INSPECTOR PREFERRED METHOD

Newer two wire receptacles are used on two wire receptacle circuits.

Replace any two wire receptacles that are damaged or where a plug is loose when plugged into receptacle.

For two wire receptacle circuits needing GFCI protection, GFCI breakers are utilized rather than GFCI receptacles.

Where three wire receptacles are necessary or desired, three wire receptacle circuits are either confirmed existing already or a new three wire circuit is added.

Areas where three wire receptacles are beneficial include:

Exterior, Garages and circuits that serve refrigerator, freezer, microwave, clothes washer, garage door operator, computers and other electronics, appliances or tools with a three wire cord. Adding grounded electrical receptacles for electronics, appliances or tools that have a two wire cord is not necessary.

Regarding Lighting Switch Locations:

While exact placement of lighting switches is considered a design issue, installing lighting switches at appropriate locations is useful to improve safety. Generally, a light switch would be located within arms length of the entry point of a room so that the lighting for the room you are entering may be switched on from an area near the doorway. Installing a switch at an inconvenient location, such as on the hinge side of a door, would not be desirable. Where the stairway between floor levels has six risers or more, a wall switch would be located at each floor level and at each landing level that includes an entryway to control the lighting for the stairway. Evaluate your need in regard to lighting switch locations. Consider updating switch locations for improved safety if desired.

Regarding Testing Smoke Alarms:

Test smoke alarms weekly to ensure proper function for life safety. Replace batteries when needed. Properly replace smoke alarms when not functioning correctly and at least once every ten years. Smoke alarms should be at least the photoelectric type and dual sensor photoelectric and ionization smoke alarms are available, and preferred. Refer to installation and care instructions for proper locations and periodic maintenance.

The inspector does not test smoke alarms. For safety, the inspector only accesses smoke alarms from the installed flooring. To prevent damage, the inspector does not remove smoke alarms or open smoke alarm covers.

Recommended attic insulation depth above living spaces for this area of the country is R-38 to R-60 to help lower utility costs. This recommendation comes from the US Department of Energy. Evaluate your comfort level and utility costs correcting insulation depth if needed. 

The best time to replace guttering is while you are having the roof covering replaced.

Brick veneer siding serves as a non-structural outer layer of masonry. In contrast to solid brick constructions, which rely on multiple layers of brick for structural support, brick veneer systems depend on the underlying structure to support the masonry. The removal of the brick veneer would not compromise the building's structural integrity.