The Scope and Purpose of a Home Inspection

Purchasing property involves risk

The purpose of a home inspection is to help reduce the risk associated with the purchase of a structure by providing a professional opinion about the overall condition of the structure. A home inspection is a limited visual inspection and it cannot eliminate this risk. Some homes present more risks than others. We cannot control this, but we try to help educate you about what we don’t know during the inspection process. This is more difficult to convey in a report and one of many reasons why we recommend that you attend the inspection.

A home inspection is not an insurance policy

This report does not substitute for or serve as a warranty or guarantee of any kind. Home warranties can be purchased separately from insuring firms that provide this service.

A home inspection is visual and not destructive.

The descriptions and observations in this report are based on a visual inspection of the structure. We inspect the aspects of the structure that can be viewed without dismantling, damaging or disfiguring the structure and without moving furniture and interior furnishings. Areas that are concealed, hidden or inaccessible to view are not covered by this inspection. Some systems cannot be tested during this inspection as testing risks damaging the building. For example, overflow drains on bathtubs are generally not tested because if they were found to be leaking they could damage the finishes below. Our procedures involve non-invasive investigation and non-destructive testing which will limit the scope of the inspection.

This is not an inspection for code compliance

This inspection and report are not intended for city / local code compliance. During the construction process structures are inspected for code compliance by municipal inspectors. Framing is open at this time and conditions can be fully viewed. Framing is not open during inspections of finished homes, and this limits the inspection. All houses fall out of code compliance shortly after they are built, as the codes continually change. National codes are augmented at least every three years for all of the varying disciplines. Municipalities can choose to adopt and phase in sections of the codes on their own timetables. There are generally no requirements to bring older homes into compliance unless substantial renovation is being done.

This is just our opinion

Construction techniques and standards vary. There is no one way to build a house or install a system in a house. The observations in this report are the opinions of the home inspector. Other inspectors and contractors are likely to have some differing opinions. You are welcome to seek opinions from other professionals.

The scope of this inspection

This inspection will include the following systems: exterior, roof, structure, drainage, foundation, attic, interior, plumbing, electrical and heating. The evaluation will be based on limited observations that are primarily visual and non-invasive. This inspection and report are not intended to be technically exhaustive.

Your expectations

The overall goal of a home inspection is to help ensure that your expectations are appropriate with the house you are proposing to buy. To this end we assist with discovery by showing and documenting observations during the home inspection. This should not be mistaken for a technically exhaustive inspection designed to uncover every defect with a building. Such inspections are available but they are generally cost-prohibitive to most home buyers.

Inspection Agreement

Major Structural and Electromechanical Inspection

HomePro Inspection, Inc. agrees to conduct an inspection for the purpose of informing the CLIENT of major deficiencies in the condition of the property in accordance with the Standards as set forth by the American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI) and the State of Tennessee. The inspection and written report are performed and prepared for the sole, confidential and exclusive use and possession of the CLIENT; the report is nontransferable.

The written report will include the following only:

• general exterior, including roof, siding, windows, chimney, drainage and grading
• structural condition of foundation & frame
• electrical, plumbing, hot water heater, heating and air conditioning
• general interior, including ceilings, walls, floors, windows, insulation and ventilation

Maintenance and other items may be discussed but they are not a part of the inspection. The report is not a compliance inspection or certification for past or present governmental codes or regulations of any kind and is only based on the inspector’s opinions.

It is understood and agreed that the inspection will be of readily accessible areas of the building and is limited to visual observations of apparent conditions existing at the time of the inspection only. Latent and concealed defects and deficiencies are excluded from the inspection; equipment, items and systems will not be moved or dismantled. When the inspection is for only one or a limited number of systems or components, the inspection is limited to only those systems or components that were inspected. Detached structures are not included. HomePro Inspection, Inc. will be under no obligation under any circumstances for any further follow-up inspection.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS including Asbestos, Mold, Fungus, Lead, Radon, Cockroaches, Rodents, Pesticides, Treated Lumber, Mercury, Carbon Monoxide, Urea Formaldehyde, Toxic Wastes, Polluted Water, Contaminants and all Pollutants and Hazardous Materials or other similar environmental hazards are not part of this Home Inspection. In addition, no inspection for household insects or unwanted animals will be done.

This report does not address Subterranean Systems or system components for Sewage Disposal, Water Supply, or Fuel Storage or Delivery. Auxiliary systems such as Alarm, Security, Intercom, other low voltage wiring, Generator, Private Water, Sprinkler, Elevator, Central Vacuum, Refrigerators, Laundry Equipment, Solar, Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, Saunas, Space Heaters, Window Air Conditioners and or any system not considered a part of the major building systems are not a part of the inspection process.

The parties agree that the HomePro Inspection, Inc., and its employees and agents, assume no liability or responsibility for the cost of repairing or replacing any unreported defects or deficiencies, either current or arising in the future, or for any property damage, consequential damage or bodily injury of any nature. THE INSPECTION AND REPORT ARE NOT INTENDED AS A GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING REGARDING THE ADEQUACY, OR PERFORMANCE OF ANY INSPECTED STRUCTURE, ITEM OR SYSTEM. THE HOMEPRO INSPECTION, INC. IS NOT AN INSURER OF ANY INSPECTED CONDITIONS.

It is understood and agreed that should HomePro Inspection, Inc. and/or its agents or employees be found liable for any loss or damages resulting from a failure to perform any of its obligations, including but not limited to negligence, breach of contract or otherwise, then the liability of HomePro Inspection, Inc. and/or its agents or employees, shall be limited to a sum equal to the amount of the fee paid by the CLIENT for the Inspection and Report.

The parties agree that the faxed or digital copy of the agreement is to be relied upon in lieu of the original.

Acceptance and understanding of this agreement are hereby acknowledged:

Kitchen Inspection Process

Kitchen inspection was of the readily accessible and visible portions of the kitchen. The kitchen inspection includes the countertops and a representative number of cabinets. Kitchen faucets, when functional, are run for longer than one minute checking for observable leaks and hot/cold orientation.

The following builtin kitchen appliances, where installed, were inspected and on/off operated testing the main function of each appliance using the normal operating controls:

• Cooktop / Oven / Range (cook surface with integral oven)
• Microwave
• Garbage Disposal
• Trash Compactor

Installed dishwashers are run through a normal cycle. Obvious functional issues and leaks observed around the dishwasher are reported, if present.

Ventilation equipment, such as range hoods, are inspected, on/off operated and are reported as ductless, ducted or recirculating. It is beyond the scope of this inspection to determine the effectiveness of the kitchen exhaust fan, such as to verify air flow quantity or discharge location.

Appliance inspection does not cover clocks, timers, self cleaning function, calibration, automatic functions or optional equipment on appliances.

Refrigerators are considered personal property and are not evaluated. Refrigerator presence or absence is noted. Faucets for refrigerator ice makers are not tested whether the refrigerator is present or not as there is no basin to catch the water from the ice maker faucet.

Equipment that appears to be shut down, inoperable or intentionally taken out of service is noted but will not be operated by the inspector. Shut down equipment may be unplugged, breaker off, water off, gas off or otherwise taken out of service.

Installation conditions and functional issues for this area requiring correction should be performed by a competent qualified contractor.

Bathroom Inspection Process

The following opinion was based on an inspection of the readily accessible and visible portions of bathroom areas.

Hand washing faucets, when functional, are run for approximately one minute checking for observable leaks at the faucet and beneath the sink as well as checking Hot/Cold orientation.

Bathing area faucets, when functional, are run for approximately five minutes checking for observable leaks and Hot/Cold orientation.

Toilets, when functional, are flushed twice. Inspector checks for leaks around toilet, checks that toilet fills and shuts off, and checks to see if toilet appears securely mounted.

Effectiveness and discharge locations for mechanical bathroom exhaust vents are not confirmed during inspection.

Installation conditions and functional issues for this area requiring correction should be performed by a competent, qualified contractor.

Water Heater - Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve - Discharge Piping General Guidelines

Consult a knowledgeable, competent, qualified plumbing contractor for specific requirements in your area.

Valve Manufacturer WARNING: To avoid water damage and/or scalding due to valve operation, a properly installed discharge line must be connected to valve outlet and run to a safe place of disposal.

• Discharge line shall serve a single relief device and shall not connect to piping serving any other relief device or equipment.
• The discharge line shall be installed in a manner that does not cause personal injury or structural damage.
• The discharge line shall be installed to a termination point that is readily observable by the building occupants.
• The discharge line shall be installed to allow complete drainage of both the valve and the discharge line.
• No reducing coupling or other restriction shall be installed in the discharge line.
• The discharge line must pitch downward from the valve and terminate not more than 6 inches (152 mm) above and not less than two times the discharge pipe diameter above the floor or flood level rim of the waste receptor.
• A proper air gap should be present above the floor or flood level rim of the waste receptor where the discharge pipe drains. The discharge piping should not drain into an indirect waste receptor such as a leak pan beneath a water heater.
• The discharge line must terminate through plain (unthreaded) pipe.
• Discharge line material must conform to local plumbing code or A.S.M.E. requirements. PVC piping is not rated for hot water and shall not be used.
• Excessive length - more than 30 feet (9.14m), use of more than four elbows or bends in discharge piping, or reduction of discharge line size will cause a restriction and reduce the discharge capacity of the valve.
• No shut-off valve shall be installed between the relief valve and tank, or in the discharge line.

Regarding Plumbing System Pressure Reducing Valves:  

The pressure reducer or pressure regulator in a plumbing system is designed to reduce the water pressure to a reasonable level in an effort to help prevent damage to the plumbing system. For most areas if the utility water pressure is greater than 80 PSI (pounds per square inch) a pressure reducer is needed. For some areas with extremely high utility pressure multiple pressure reducers may be needed installed in series. Pressure reducers are typically factory set for 50 PSI and property water pressure is expected to be between 30 PSI and 80 PSI. Inspector notes presence of pressure reducer when observed. Pressure readings for plumbing system are not part of the inspection performed. 

Regarding calculating the load of a central system:

Several factors are considered when performing a load evaluation for central heating and cooling systems to determine the appropriate size system for the area served. Factors such as installed ductwork, insulation, ceiling height, basement area served, if present, shade, climate zone along with size, number and placement of windows have to be taken into account before sizing a system. The inspector does not calculate the load of a central heating and cooling system during the performed inspection. The inspector also does not confirm that the installed ductwork is appropriately sized to serve the the installed central heating and cooling equipment. Properly maintain the ductwork system to meet your comfort needs and to allow system to operate properly. 

What is an electrical system?

The electrical system consists of an electrical service, distribution equipment and branch wiring. The electric metering equipment is usually at the electrical service. Distribution equipment is most often one or more installed breaker panels and the branch wiring runs to all equipment, receptacles, lighting outlets and devices such as the light switches. The inspection report focuses on wiring operating between 100-250 Volts. While system Amperage and Voltage is recorded, it is not measured during inspection. Most low voltage wiring is excluded from the performed inspection. Low voltage items such as a heating and cooling thermostat are operated in order to determine the function of such equipment.

There are now a wide variety of lighting bulbs or lamps that will fit into lighting fixtures. Some choices may not be appropriate for some lighting fixtures. It is beyond the scope of this inspection to verify each lamp or bulb is appropriate for the installed lighting fixture. The inspector recommends that you review the bulb or lamp installations for each fixture correcting as needed for safety and function. Common errors include 100 watt bulbs installed in fixtures rated for 60 watt max bulbs and interior rated bulbs installed at exterior or damp locations. Other types of errors also exist.

The following opinion was based on an inspection of the readily accessible and visible portions of the electrical system. The Inspector is responsible for checking a representative number of installed lighting fixtures, switches, and receptacles. Electrical installation conditions and functional issues requiring correction should be performed by a competent licensed electrical contractor. Most, if not all, electrical corrections should be considered a safety concern.

What is Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Protection?

GFCI protection is an electrical safety device that interrupts an electrical circuit when the current passing through a conductor is not equal and opposite in both directions, therefore indicating an improper flow of current such as leakage of current to ground or current flowing to another powered conductor. The device's purpose is to reduce the severity of injury caused by an electric shock.

Most, but not all, buildings will have a need for additional GFCI protection based on varied municipal enforcement and the numerous changes for which areas require this type of protection. The list below is based off the 2023 standard that may or may not have been adopted by the local municipality. Evaluate your risk exposure. Consider additional GFCI protection where needed for improved safety.

Modern Locations Where GFCI Protection is Known to Improve Safety in Other Than Dwelling Units.

(A) Pertains to Dwelling Units

(B) Other Than Dwelling Units

All 125-Volt through 250-volt receptacles supplied by single-phase branch circuits rated 150 volts or less to ground, 50 amperes or less, and all recepta­cles supplied by three-phase branch circuits rated 150 volts

or less to ground, 100 amperes or less, installed in the following locations shall be provided with GFCI protection:

(1) Bathrooms

(2) Kitchens

(3) Areas with sinks and permanent provisions for food preparation, beverage preparation, or cooking

(4) Buffet serving areas with permanent provisions for food serving, beverage serving, or cooking

(5) Rooftops

(6) Outdoors

(7) Sinks where receptacles or cord-and-plug-connected fixed or stationary appliances are installed within 1.8 m (6 ft) from the top inside edge of the bowl of the sink

(8) Indoor damp or wet locations

(9) Locker rooms with associated showering facilities

(10) Garages, accessory buildings, service bays, and similar areas other than vehicle exhibition halls and showrooms

(11) Crawl spaces at or below grade level

(12) Unfinished areas of basements

(13) Aquariums, bait wells, and similar open aquatic vessels or containers, such as tanks or bowls, where receptacles are installed within 1.8 m (6 ft.) from the top inside edge or rim or from the conductive support framing of the vessel or container

(14) Laundry areas

(15) Bathtubs and shower stalls where receptacles are instal­led within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the outside edge of the bathtub or shower stall

(C) Crawl Space Lighting Outlets. GFCI protection shall be provided for lighting outlets not exceeding 120 volts installed in crawl spaces.

(D) Specific Appliances. GFCI protection shall be provided for the branch circuit  or outlet supplying the following appliances rated 150 volts or less to ground and 60 amperes or less, single- or 3-phase:

(1) Automotive vacuum machines

(2) Drinking water coolers and bottle fill stations

(3) High-pressure spray washing machines

(4) Tire inflation machines V

(5) Vending machines

(6) Sump pumps

(7) Dishwashers

(8) Electric ranges

(9) Wall-mounted ovens

(10) Counter-mounted cooking units

(11) Clothes dryers

(13) Microwave ovens

(E)   Equipment Requiring Servicing. GFCI protection shall be provided for the receptacles required near Equipment Requiring Servicing.

Note: Some exceptions apply, see current standard for a list of all exceptions.

Testing GFCI Function

The inspector uses an electrical tester at accessible 120V electrical receptacles that simulates a remote ground fault current to confirm which areas lack proper GFCI protection at tested 120V electrical receptacles.

Obvious locations lacking GFCI protection are listed in the body of the report.

Obvious broken, non working and improperly wired GFCI receptacles or breakers are listed in the summary of the report.

Regarding Lighting Switch Locations:

While exact placement of lighting switches is considered a design issue, installing lighting switches at appropriate locations is useful to improve safety. Generally, a light switch would be located within arms length of the entry point of a room so that the lighting for the room you are entering may be switched on from an area near the doorway. Installing a switch at an inconvenient location, such as on the hinge side of a door, would not be desirable. Where the stairway between floor levels has six risers or more, a wall switch would be located at each floor level and at each landing level that includes an entryway to control the lighting for the stairway. Evaluate your need in regard to lighting switch locations. Consider updating switch locations for improved safety if desired.

Recommended attic insulation depth above living spaces for this area of the country is R-38 to R-60 to help lower utility costs. This recommendation comes from the US Department of Energy. Evaluate your comfort level and utility costs correcting insulation depth if needed.